Showing posts with label science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label science. Show all posts

5/01/2012

Handbook of Statistics, Volume 25: Bayesian Thinking, Modeling and Computation Review

Handbook of Statistics, Volume 25: Bayesian Thinking, Modeling and Computation
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Professor Krishnaiah had the idea of creating a series of handbooks on statstics with each volume covering a major topic or branch of statistical methodology. The handbooks are intended to have research articles that may contain very new developments in the field but also include articles that survey the field to give the professional statistician a great reference to look at when wishing to apply a technique or do new research in the area.
The famous Professor C. R. Rao took over the editing job after Krishnaiah's passing. Professor Rao had previously coedited some of these volumes with Krishnaiah and contributed articles. It was Krishnaiah who brought Rao to the United States and the University of Pittsburgh from India.
This volume covers Bayesian statistics with expository articles on Bayesian principles, statistical models and the computational aspects of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms that now allow for the solution of many Bayesian problems that were previously not tractable.

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This volume describes how to develop Bayesian thinking, modelling and computation both from philosophical, methodological and application point of view. It further describes parametric and nonparametric Bayesian methods for modelling and how to use modern computational methods to summarize inferences using simulation. The book covers wide range of topics including objective and subjective Bayesian inferences with a variety of applications in modelling categorical, survival, spatial, spatiotemporal, Epidemiological, software reliability, small area and micro array data. The book concludes with a chapter on how to teach Bayesian thoughts to nonstatisticians.
Key Features:
-Critical thinking on causal effects -Objective Bayesian philosophy -Nonparametric Bayesian methodology -Simulation based computing techniques -Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Key Features:
Critical thinking on causal effects Objective Bayesian philosophy Nonparametric Bayesian methodology Simulation based computing techniques Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

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3/16/2012

Methods in Neuronal Modeling - 2nd Edition: From Ions to Networks (Computational Neuroscience) Review

Methods in Neuronal Modeling - 2nd Edition: From Ions to Networks (Computational Neuroscience)
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Great book for the theorist and experimentalist! I used the section on Epilepsy and the Neural Code for a grant I wrote. This book is a great reference and time spent reading it is very well rewarded. I bought the 1st & 2nd editions which are very different. Both editions are worth buying if one is involved with computer modeling, computation, mathematics, and plain old fashion recording neurophysiology.

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Much research focuses on the question of how information is processed innervous systems, from the level of individual ionic channels to large-scale neuronalnetworks, and from "simple" animals such as sea slugs and flies to cats andprimates. New interdisciplinary methodologies combine a bottom-up experimentalmethodology with the more top-down-driven computational and modeling approach. Thisbook serves as a handbook of computational methods and techniques for modeling thefunctional properties of single and groups of nerve cells.The contributors highlightseveral key trends: (1) the tightening link between analytical/numerical models andthe associated experimental data, (2) the broadening of modeling methods, at boththe subcellular level and the level of large neuronal networks that incorporate realbiophysical properties of neurons as well as the statistical properties of spiketrains, and (3) the organization of the data gained by physical emulation of thenervous system components through the use of very large scale circuit integration(VLSI) technology.The field of neuroscience has grown dramatically since the firstedition of this book was published nine years ago. Half of the chapters of thesecond edition are completely new; the remaining ones have all been thoroughlyrevised. Many chapters provide an opportunity for interactive tutorials andsimulation programs. They can be accessed via Christof Koch's Website.Contributors :Larry F. Abbott, Paul R. Adams, Hagai Agmon-Snir, James M. Bower, Robert E. Burke,Erik de Schutter, Alain Destexhe, Rodney Douglas, Bard Ermentrout, FabrizioGabbiani, David Hansel, Michael Hines, Christof Koch, Misha Mahowald, Zachary F.Mainen, Eve Marder, Michael V. Mascagni, Alexander D. Protopapas, Wilfrid Rall, JohnRinzel, Idan Segev, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Shihab Shamma, Arthur S. Sherman, PaulSmolen, Haim Sompolinsky, Michael Vanier, Walter M. Yamada.

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1/15/2012

A First Course in Scientific Computing: Symbolic, Graphic, and Numeric Modeling Using Maple, Java, Mathematica, and Fortran90 Review

A First Course in Scientific Computing: Symbolic, Graphic, and Numeric Modeling Using Maple, Java, Mathematica, and Fortran90
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Landau takes a refreshingly different approach to teaching students scientific computation. The field can be considered as two parts. One, the older and more heavily used, is about the "traditional" numerical analysis. You crunch numbers, and you get numbers out. The other approach is symbolic algebra.
Usually a text only deals with one type. Here, he teaches both. Plus, for each type, he offers the choice of two languages. For the numerical analysis, there is Fortran, version 90, and Java. While the symbolic algebra is performed using Mathematica or Maple. Ecumenical indeed!
These are excellent choices of languages. Fortran still dominates legacy numerical analysis, with massive libraries of subroutines that one has to work with or maintain. While Java lets the student learn good object oriented practices.
And Mathematica and Maple are perhaps the most common symbolic packages available.

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This book offers a new approach to introductory scientific computing. It aims to make students comfortable using computers to do science, to provide them with the computational tools and knowledge they need throughout their college careers and into their professional careers, and to show how all the pieces can work together. Rubin Landau introduces the requisite mathematics and computer science in the course of realistic problems, from energy use to the building of skyscrapers to projectile motion with drag. He is attentive to how each discipline uses its own language to describe the same concepts and how computations are concrete instances of the abstract.

Landau covers the basics of computation, numerical analysis, and programming from a computational science perspective. The first part of the printed book uses the problem-solving environment Maple as its context, with the same material covered on the accompanying CD as both Maple and Mathematica programs; the second part uses the compiled language Java, with equivalent materials in Fortran90 on the CD; and the final part presents an introduction to LaTeX replete with sample files.

Providing the essentials of computing, with practical examples, A First Course in Scientific Computing adheres to the principle that science and engineering students learn computation best while sitting in front of a computer, book in hand, in trial-and-error mode. Not only is it an invaluable learning text and an essential reference for students of mathematics, engineering, physics, and other sciences, but it is also a consummate model for future textbooks in computational science and engineering courses.

A broad spectrum of computing tools and examples that can be used throughout an academic career
Practical computing aimed at solving realistic problems
Both symbolic and numerical computations
A multidisciplinary approach: science + math + computer science
Maple and Java in the book itself; Mathematica, Fortran90, Maple and Java on the accompanying CD in an interactive workbook format


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1/11/2012

Comet and Asteroid Impact Hazards on a Populated Earth: Computer Modeling Review

Comet and Asteroid Impact Hazards on a Populated Earth: Computer Modeling
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This book by Planetary Scientist John Lewis includes a diskette with a Monte Carlo program to run simulations of Earth impacts over time. The book is basically a handbook for the software with a wide range of physical information about NEOs, impacts and effects on the human population. An excellent resource covering physics, chemistry and environment. I can recommend it to anyone studying the possible influence of impacts on civilisation. Over thousands of years airburst events like Tunguska turn out to be important sources of fatalities and yet they leave little or no physical evidence so information about the danger is unlikely to be reliably passed from generation to generation.
Note that the program requires GW-BASIC to run To run the program in a higher version of BASIC such as Quick Basic you will need to convert it from binary to ASCII format from within GW-BASIC. To do this load the program in GW-BASIC (F3 path/filename.BAS) then save it with the ASCII option set (F4 path/new_filename.BAS , A ). This is all subject to the copyright conditions of course.

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Comet and Asteroid Impact Hazards explores the anticipated consequences of comet and asteroid impact. It presents the first computer simulations of the hazards of comet and asteroid bombardment of a populated Earth. Previous estimates of fatality and damage rates on the 100 to 10,000 year time scale are shown to be too low because they neglect rare, highly lethal outriders of the populations of bombarding objects, those with exceptional strength, unusually low entry velocity, and near-horizontal entry angles. This is the first realistic assessment of both the mean casualty rate and the expected statistical fluctuations in that rate. A breakdown of fatality and damage rates by impactor energy and compositional class suggests lessons for both asteroid search strategies and interdiction techniques.This book is written so that anyone with college level experience in the physical sciences can understand it. It includes a disk that allows the reader to simulate impact catastrophes. It serves as a useful resource in various physical sciences courses such as astronomy, planetary science, and environmental science. * Quantatively rigorous treatment of the state of impact hazard prediction, including stuctural blast damage, firestorm ignition, tsunami generation* Realistic treatment of the impact on population, composition, and orbits* Attention to economic and public policy issues of warning, interdiction, and asteroid and comet search strategies* Comparison of simulation results to historical records* Detailed and realistic Monte Carlo simulation software included

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1/07/2012

Continuum Mechanics using Mathematica®: Fundamentals, Applications and Scientific Computing (Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology) Review

Continuum Mechanics using Mathematica®: Fundamentals, Applications and Scientific Computing (Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology)
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The mathematics discussed here is quite involved. Including tensor analysis, stress-strain relations and the non-linear Navier Stokes equation. Much of the work involves numerical analysis, as there are no analytic solutions to many problems.
You can treat the book as a standard, advanced text on the subject. But the added filip here is how it shows Mathematica can be used. Most general purpose texts on Mathematica involve simpler maths; high school or undergraduate level. Yet the program is quite powerful.
The book seems aimed at those scientists and engineers who are not primarily programmers. The idea is to let Mathematica offload much of the programming burden. The tradeoff might be that a loss of efficiency vis a vis custom code. But that might be acceptable to you.

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This book's methodological approach familiarizes readers with themathematical tools required to correctly define and solve problems incontinuum mechanics. The book covers essential principles andfundamental applications, and provides a solid basis for a deeperstudy of more challenging and specialized problems related toelasticity, fluid mechanics, plasticity, materials with memory,piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, magneto-fluid mechanics, and state changes.Key topics and features: * Concise presentation strikes a balance between fundamentals andapplications* Requisite mathematical background carefully collected in two introductory chapters and two appendices* CD-ROM containing Mathematica-based exercises, examples, andprograms related to the text; this user-friendly software is unique inthe literature and allows readers to quickly solve complex,time-consuming problems related to the application areas covered* Recent developments highlighted through coverage of more significant applications to areas such as porous media, electromagnetic fields,and phase transitionsContinuum Mechanics using Mathematica is aimed at advancedundergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in appliedmathematics, mathematical physics, and engineering. It may serve as acourse textbook or self-study reference for anyone seeking a solidfoundation in the field.

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12/07/2011

Molecular Modeling and Simulation Review

Molecular Modeling and Simulation
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... not only to molecular modeling, but to some of the subtleties of DNA and protein behavior and geometry, too.
This book's focus is generally on interactions with large molecules, DNA and proteins, although it does discuss small molecules (drugs, a few dozen to a few hundred atoms) too. That means that it skips most of the quantum mechanical modeling of more advanced computational chemistry texts.
Nothing is lost, because Schlick covers her chosen topic (molecular modeling and dynamics) in such detail. She starts with a very clear discussion of the structure of large biomolecules, with emphasis on the features that need quantitative description for modeling. That covers protein structure at ever level. It also covers DNA/RNA structure in the best detail I've ever seen. The double-helix is the just the starting point. There are alternative helix forms, non-standard binding between nucleotides, and asymmetries caused by nucleotide composition. The next chapters describe the geometric model and, briefly, the forces acting between atoms.
The second half of the book gets down to the nuts and bolts of modeling. This includes numerical techniques, minimization, sampling and Monte Carlo techniques, and the start of dynamics. Schlick attacks some of the nasty points of the calculations, such as modeling of forces that act on very different time scales. As with the simpler material, the development is clear, descriptive, and free of pointless theorems. The meticulous reader should come away able to implement most or all of the techniques described. The level of presentation is consistent and approachable. I think freshman physics should be enough preparation for most students to get most of the value out of the discussion.
The book is written with clarity as a top priority. The glossary is in the front, making sure that the reader knows it's a first-class part of the text. After that, every chapter starts with a list of the mathematical symbols and variables used and a one-line description of each. These are small things, but they increase the book's readability immensely. The illustrations are generally informative enough. On the whole, though, they don't seem quite up to the level of the textual and mathematical presentations.
I needed a crash course in the mathematical techniques used for describing molecular structure and behavior. I should have read this book first - its clarity and thoroughness would have saved me a lot of time. After this one, I can now go back and reread the more complex texts with more hops of understanding. Do yourself a favor and read this one first.

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Very broad overview of the field intended for an interdisciplinary audience; Lively discussion of current challenges written in a colloquial style; Author is a rising star in this discipline; Suitably accessible for beginners and suitably rigorous for experts; Features extensive four-color illustrations; Appendices featuring homework assignments and reading lists complement the material in the main text

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12/04/2011

Geometric Transformations for 3D Modeling Review

Geometric Transformations for 3D Modeling
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Pedagogically, Mortenson's presentation is easy for a reader to follow. Accompanied by generous numbers of diagrams. He gives understandable interpretations of how matrices are used to represent different types of transformations. The underlying geometrical rationale is clear.
En route, the reader is gently introduced to group theory. For finite groups. A way to bind geometry and symmetry. Interestingly, the notation he uses for the symmetries and groups is Schonflies. In 1982, this was already being phased out by crystallographers, in favour of International notation. But maybe mathematicians prefer the older style.
There is also a quick discussion of tensors. Giving rise to contra and covariant vectors. And the metric tensor is introduced as a key idea. All this is a jumping off point for physicists studying General Relativity, though it is not actually mentioned by name.

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Written from a mathematical standpoint accessible to students, teachers, and professionals studying or practicing in engineering, mathematics, or physics, the new second edition is a comprehensive introduction to the theory and application of transformations. Presenting the more abstract foundation material in the first three chapters, Geometric Transformations in 3D Modeling reduces the clutter of theoretical derivation and development in the remainder of the text and introduces the operational and more application-oriented tools and concepts as the need arises. It assumes the reader has already taken analytic geometry and first-year calculus and has a working knowledge of basic matrix and vector algebra. This self-contained resource is sure to appeal to those working in 3D modeling, geometric modeling, computer graphics, animation, robotics, and kinematics. Distinctive Features- Explores and develops the subject in much greater breadth and depth than other books, offering readers a better understanding of transformation theory, the role of invariants, the uses of various notation systems, and the relations between transformations.- Describes how geometric objects may change position, orientation, or even shape when subjected to mathematical operations, while properties characterizing their geometric identity and integrity remain unchanged.- Presents eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and tensors in a way that makes it easier for readers to understand.- Contains revised and improved figures, with many in color to highlight important features.- Provides exercises throughout nearly all of the chapters whose answers are found at the end of the book.

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11/11/2011

Statistical Methods in Counterterrorism: Game Theory, Modeling, Syndromic Surveillance, and Biometric Authentication Review

Statistical Methods in Counterterrorism: Game Theory, Modeling, Syndromic Surveillance, and Biometric Authentication
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After the 9/11 terrorist attack using commercial airplanes to crash into the pentagon and the world trade center buildings, statisticians among other found their way into developing tools to deal with the such problems. This book is an edited volume of of statistical researchers effort at solving some specific problems addressing potential terrorist attacks and finding ways to prevent future occurrences. Of the topics included are 1. game theory and risk taking, 2. biometric authentication (a pattern recognition technique for matching signatures, 3. matching faces for identification of terriorists using fake identification, 4. and DNA among other things.
Many well known statisticians from RAND, the Naval Postgraduate School, the National Institute of Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory and some academic institutions present papers on a variety of topics including game theory, biometric authentification, aggregated algorithms, syndromic surveillance, pattern recognition, simulation studies and other counterterrorism approaches.
This book is the first of its kind and it really shows how statistics can play a major role as analytic tools for counterterrorism.

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With the realization that many clues and hints preceded the September 11 terrorist attacks, statisticians became an important part of the global war on terror. This book surveys emerging research at the intersection of national security and statistical sciences. In it, a diverse group of talented researchers address such topics as Syndromic Surveillance; Modeling and Simulation; Biometric Authentication; and Game Theory. The book includes general reviews of quantitative approaches to counterterrorism, for decision makers with policy backgrounds, as well as technical treatments of statistical issues that will appeal to quantitative researchers.

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11/09/2011

Modeling in Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Approaches (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics) Review

Modeling in Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Approaches (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics)
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Many of the ideas in this book should already be familiar from other fields. Like the fractal behaviour of some types of kinetics. Or the modelling of random effects by Monte Carlo processes. Or the making/designing of stochastic models. And the effects of nonlinearity in some systems of equations that you might be studying.
But the merit of the text is perhaps more in showing how these ideas can also be applied to pharmacology. It also shows the extensive use of computers, without which much of the text would be totally impractical to perform.

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This book presents a novel modeling approach to biopharamceutics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic phenomena. It shows how advanced physical and mathematical methods can expand classical models in order to cover heterogeneous drug-biological processes and therapeutic effects in the body. Throughout, many examples are used to illustrate the intrinsic complexity of drug administration related phenomena in the human, justifying the use of advanced modeling methods.

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11/08/2011

Modeling Nature: Cellular Automata Simulations with Mathematica Review

Modeling Nature: Cellular Automata Simulations with Mathematica
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I have got several ideas from this book. I have never used Mathematica, but one of the most important features of the book, is the fact that is enough clear, and its code can be translated to oher languages veary easy. I recomend this book for every person interested in cellular automata applications and implementations rather that pure theory.

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This is the first volume in a suite of short, inexpensive, paperbound volumes intended for student usage as textbooks, or course supplements, and for purchase as single-copy reference works for professionals in specific disciplines, and, in some cases, for interdisciplinary use. This title focuses on cellular automata simulations while using Mathematica, thus its audience is a generally broad one, although physicists, life scientists and engineers will find this title to be of particular interest. Those familiar with Gaylord's previous book, coauthored with Paul Wellin, "Computer Simulations with Mathematica - Explorations in Complex Biological and Physical Systems", also published by TELOS, will find this new title to be an in-depth extension of some topics dealt with in that book. Modeling Nature: Cellular Automata Simulations with Mathematica, however, contains simulations not found in the Gaylord-Wellin volume. This book will have a DOS-diskette packaged with it, enabling cross-platform access to the code. These data files will also be made accessible online via the Internet at telospub.com FTP and WWW sites.

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10/03/2011

Climate System Modeling Review

Climate System Modeling
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This book you can use to get a really good picture of what climate modelling really is. You should be somewhat into your studies and not a first year student.The book covers virtually every topic that is important if you want to build your own climate model.Do not try this, though; your PC cannot work with all the subsystems that are described in the volume. Following Schneiders 1982 book this is really guff!

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This interdisciplinary volume aimed at graduate students and researchers provides a thorough grounding in the tools necessary for an appreciation of climate change and its implications. It discusses not only the primary concepts involved but also the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological basis for the component models and the sources of uncertainty, the assumptions made and the approximations introduced. Climate System Modeling addresses all aspects of the climate system: the atmosphere and the oceans, the cryosphere, terrestrial ecosystems and the biosphere, land surface processes and global biogeochemical cycles. As a comprehensive text it will appeal to students and researchers concerned with any aspect of climatology and the study of related topics in the broad earth and environmental sciences.

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8/27/2011

Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences Review

Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences
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This is a great book for the college bound. Very interesting and easy to read.

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Computational science is a quickly emerging field at the intersection of the sciences, computer science, and mathematics because much scientific investigation now involves computing as well as theory and experiment. However, limited educational materials exist in this field. Introduction to Computational Science fills this void with a flexible, readable textbook that assumes only a background in high school algebra and enables instructors to follow tailored pathways through the material. It is the first textbook designed specifically for an introductory course in the computational science and engineering curriculum.

The text embraces two major approaches to computational science problems: System dynamics models with their global views of major systems that change with time; and cellular automaton simulations with their local views of how individuals affect individuals. While the text is generic, an extensive author-generated Web-site contains tutorials and files in a variety of software packages to accompany the text.

Generic software approach in the text
Web site with tutorials and files in a variety of software packages
Engaging examples, exercises, and projects that explore science
Additional, substantial projects for students to develop individually or in teams
Consistent application of the modeling process
Quick review questions and answers
Projects for students to develop individually or in teams
Reference sections for most modules, as well as a glossary
Online instructor's manual with a test bank and solutions


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8/21/2011

A Biologist's Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution Review

A Biologist's Guide to Mathematical Modeling in Ecology and Evolution
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Although other books may have a better presentation of the models' use and context, this is the best presentation I have seen on stability analysis, plus it presents a good quantity of model examples. The presentation of the math used is ample and clear. I highly reccomend it.

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Thirty years ago, biologists could get by with a rudimentary grasp of mathematics and modeling. Not so today. In seeking to answer fundamental questions about how biological systems function and change over time, the modern biologist is as likely to rely on sophisticated mathematical and computer-based models as traditional fieldwork. In this book, Sarah Otto and Troy Day provide biology students with the tools necessary to both interpret models and to build their own.

The book starts at an elementary level of mathematical modeling, assuming that the reader has had high school mathematics and first-year calculus. Otto and Day then gradually build in depth and complexity, from classic models in ecology and evolution to more intricate class-structured and probabilistic models. The authors provide primers with instructive exercises to introduce readers to the more advanced subjects of linear algebra and probability theory. Through examples, they describe how models have been used to understand such topics as the spread of HIV, chaos, the age structure of a country, speciation, and extinction.

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists today need enough mathematical training to be able to assess the power and limits of biological models and to develop theories and models themselves. This innovative book will be an indispensable guide to the world of mathematical models for the next generation of biologists.

A how-to guide for developing new mathematical models in biology
Provides step-by-step recipes for constructing and analyzing models
Interesting biological applications
Explores classical models in ecology and evolution
Questions at the end of every chapter
Primers cover important mathematical topics
Exercises with answers
Appendixes summarize useful rules
Labs and advanced material available


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7/28/2011

Stats: Modeling the World (3rd Edition) Review

Stats: Modeling the World (3rd Edition)
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I have taught AP Stats for several years suffering through with a book I really hated. I felt that perhaps it was the subject though I continued to think Stats was really an awesome course. Now that I have my hands on this book, I have read every word on every page (the humor is most appreciated), truly reviewing the book to determine if I wanted to adopt it for my school. Not only am I planning on using it for my AP Stats class, I am going to use it in my regular class as well. It just makes such sense--and when it doesn't (because Stats is notoriously vague on some concepts--like why we divide by n-1 for s) the authors admit that though many have offered explanations, the reason is more likely just to drive you crazy. I've honestly never actually read a text and enjoyed it so thoroughly--now my husband REALLY thinks I'm a math nerd. I love, love, love this book. If it had a facebook page, I'd be a fan.

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KEY BENEFIT: By leading with practical data analysis and graphics, Stats: Modeling the World, Third Edition, engages students and gets them to do statistics and think statistically from the start. With the authors' signature Think, Show, Tell problem-solving method, students learn what we can find in data, why we find it interesting and how to report it to others. Instructors praise this text as clear and accessible, while students report that they actually enjoy reading the book while learning how to do statistics. Additional examples with updated data make this new edition even easier to read and use.

EXPLORING AND UNDERSTANDING DATA; Stats Start Here; Data; Displaying and Describing Categorical Data; Displaying and Comparing Qualitative Data; Understanding and Comparing Distributions; The Standard Deviation as a Ruler and the Normal Model; EXPLORING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES; Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation; Linear Regression; Regression Wisdom; Re-expressing Data: Get it Straight!; GATHERING DATA; Understanding Randomness; Sample Surveys; Experiments and Observational Studies; RANDOMNESS AND PROBABILITY; From Randomness to Probability; Probability Rules!; Random Variables; Probability Models; FROM THE DATA AT HAND TO THE WORLD AT LARGE; Sampling Distribution Models; Confidence Intervals for Proportions; Testing Hypotheses About Proportions; More About Tests and Intervals; Comparing Two Proportions; LEARNING ABOUT THE WORLD; Inferences about Means; Comparing Means; Paired Samples and Blocks; INFERENCE WHEN VARIABLES ARE RELATED; Comparing Counts; Inferences for Regression; Analysis of Variance (on DVD); Multiple Regression (on DVD)

For all readers interested in introductory statistics.

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